International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Amos Gayflor Zaizay 1, Huseyin Gokcekus 2, Yousef Kassem 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5557

ABSTRACT: Liberia, known for its high precipitation levels, has significant challenges in maintaining its water resources. These challenges stem from a range of factors, including pollution, inadequate infrastructure, and the impacts of climate change. For data collection, a cross-sectional design was employed. The study revealed that the main sources of water in Liberia include lakes, rivers, streams, precipitation, and groundwater. According to the study, many residential applications of water were identified, including activities such as cooking, energy generation, industrial processes, and other miscellaneous uses. The findings of the research indicate that groundwater serves as the predominant source for drinking, cooking, and sanitation purposes. Additionally, it was observed that there is a lack of comprehensive national programs dedicated to monitoring and ensuring the quality and availability of water resources. To mitigate water pollution and the presence of other harmful substances, the study further proposes the implementation of a waste management and sanitation system at both the community and national levels. This study proposes to research and recommends measures for mitigating climate change’s impact on water supplies. The urban infrastructure must possess the capacity to facilitate the equitable distribution of water resources to various entities such as residential areas, office spaces, commercial establishments, and other relevant stakeholders.

Keyword: Climate Change, water management, water resources

Iustin Ivlev

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5558

ABSTRACT: This article explores the influence of electronic Human Resource Management (eHRM) on the desire for “mastery" or excellence, a central element of intrinsic motivation as described by Daniel Pink in his book “Drive". Using Self-Determination Theory as the theoretical framework, the analysis demonstrates that eHRM can stimulate the desire for mastery by facilitating skill development, providing performance feedback and evaluation, as well as promoting collaboration and knowledge exchange. However, careful implementation of eHRM is crucial to ensure that technology supports, rather than undermines, intrinsic motivation. The article provides practical recommendations for using eHRM to support the desire for mastery and identifies important directions for future research in this field.

Keyword: eHRM influence on motivation, eHRM influence on desire for excellence, eHRM, motivation, IT influence on HRM

1 Oboh, Roland A, 2 Mube William A, 3 Osiagwu, Lilian A.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5559

ABSTRACT: Purpose This study ascertained the correlation between blood pressure (BP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values of individuals having normal blood and intraocular pressures (normotensive) with a view to understanding the dynamics between these health indicators which could help prevent illness and avoidable blindness. Methodology This study involved 132 subjects comprising of 63(47.7%) males and 69(52.5%) females who have no previous history of glaucoma, high blood pressure or any other obvious systemic illness or ocular disorder. The test procedures which involve the simultaneous measurement of BP and IOP took place between 9.00am and 11:00am daily during the period of study to rule out the influence of diurnal variation. Prior to test procedure, a detailed ocular examination was done to rule out obvious systemic or ocular disorders. The data gathered from this study was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistical tools of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results were presented in tables while correlation between BP and IOP values was done with the aid of the scattered plot. Results The age of the subjects ranged from 18-69 years with a mean age of 40.3±1.5. the study revealed a significant positive correlation of 0.445 between systolic blood pressure and intraocular pressure of the right eye against a correlation of 0.454 for the left eye. Similarly, the correlation between the diastolic BP and IOP of the right eye and left eye were 0.479 and 0.527 respectively. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between increased intraocular pressure and raised blood pressure values and recommended that individuals with high blood pressure should be made to undergo a compulsory IOP evaluation.

Keyword: diurnal, blood pressure, intraocular pressure, ocular anomalies, glaucoma, normotensive

Alexander Aizikovich

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5560

ABSTRACT: Aim: The in vitro anticancer activity of THCA and CBDA cannabinolic acid derivatives 1-4 was investigated in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Methods: The effects of compounds ALAM138 (1), ALAM027 (2), ALAM108 (3) and ALAM146 (4) on HT-29 cell growth were measured using the XTT assay (72 hours). Results: Compounds 1,2,4 showed a significant hormetic effect in the 0.5-2 uM concentration range. The very slight hormetic trend observed for 3 shows the advantage of a THCA cannabinoid structure over CBDA. Conclusion: The in vitro anticancer activity of several THCA and CBDA derivatives in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line indicates the presence of a hormetic proliferative effect that is dependent on the cannabinolic acid and substituent structures.

Keyword: Cannabinoids, Hormesis, THCA, CBDA

Mkateko Raymond Maluleke, Zeleke Worku & Mammo Muchie

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5561

ABSTRACT: This study outlines the challenges that South African education systems face, as well as how to improve governance as an equal partner, in order to produce long-term results throughout the country equated to some countries in the continent which are doing well like Equatorial Guinea and Zimbabwe which have got effective educational systems in place ahead of South Africa in terms of literacy to the country’s population when it comes to the fundamentals of education. The dawn of democracy placed children's education in the hands of parents so that they could reap the benefits of their own intentions and hard work on their children's education, as the government in power in the country believes that people shall govern, and indeed, parents govern in this aspect of education (Maluleke, Cassim & Karodia, 2016:1). The old school system of committee was notable for racism, undemocratically together with inequality and it had been gender insensitive (The Educators Voice, 1996:16). The education system was highly authoritative and hierarchical. Parents and the community had little influence on what happened in the schools (DoE, 1997:7). The aims of the study were to find out amongst others if there is a meaningful partnership between the department of education and SGBs towards the education of the same child. The study also aims to empower the governors so that they could be able to perform their constitutional obligations with confidence in order to hold anyone accountable in a fair, transparent and just manner for the benefit of the school particularly in maths and science; the study aimed to establish the effectiveness of the governors if such has got bearing to the final results of the school. The problem statement which was a dire need to assess and evaluate the adherence of good leadership and good governance from governors to an extent that such doings in Vhembe District could produce quality results as set by the schools through the SGBs after being empowered was addressed despite lack of literature. The study applied both methods to carry out the research but mainly relying on quantitative approach than qualitative approach and 123 participants were targeted in this study from four schools and one circuit. The study found that the department and governors in Vhembe District have sound relations for the benefit of the learners however the literature of the study found that in most cases the department does not regard governors as equal partners who should be given such space as they imposed a number of things without consulting the SGBs. The study also found that governors after being trained were doing well in their respective schools to set the goals and make follow-ups on their goals in which it was proven that maths and science were passed normal in those four comparable schools particularly in lower grades from grade 7 to grade 8.The study found the SGBs were not given enough support in time by the department should they come across challenges particularly when it comes to reported corruption and mismanagement of funds for the attention of the department to act. The study concluded that governors with rudimentary education do perform better in their respective portfolio and such makes governance and administration to be effective in realising the set goals of the school as they are able to detect failures at an early stage and come up with plans to improve teaching and learning at the school. The study also concluded that schools with extra classes are likely to perform better on maths and science in rural areas. The study recommended that training of governors should be undertaken by external service provider rather than the department itself or by the principals who in turn have to report to the same governors. The recommendation for permanent appointment of securities at school was made. The study also recommended incentives for better performance from maths and science teachers particularly in grade 9.

Keyword: Governors (School Governing Body Members); parents; educators; learners; school community; department of education; performance; responsibility; governance and administration.

Joshua Mong'are Gisoi & Prof. Mercy Wanja Njagi & Dr. Juster Nthinga Mungiria

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5562

ABSTRACT: The study aimed at investigating the effect of experiential learning approach on students’ attitude towards biology in Secondary schools in Maara sub-county, Kenya. Quasi experimental research design was employed and in particular Solomon four group design. The target population was 22,640 biology students in secondary schools in Maara sub-County, Tharaka Nithi County. The accessible population consisted of 1,557 form two students in the Sub-County mixed secondary schools. The purposive sampling was used to draw four sub-County mixed secondary schools from a list of mixed secondary schools in Maara the Sub-County. The sample size comprised of 118 students. The research instruments used was Biology Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ). The instrument was piloted to determine its reliability in a Sub-County mixed secondary school in Meru-South Sub-County. Reliability coefficient for the instrument was 0.762. The validity of the research instrument was ascertained by experts in the department of education of Chuka University. Experimental groups (E1 and E2) were taught using experiential learning approach while control groups (C1 and C2) were taught using conventional teaching approach. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26 aided in data analysis. The raw data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, percentages) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Turkey post hoc analysis). The null hypothesis was tested at α= 0.05 significant level. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference in students' attitude towards biology among students taught using experiential learning approach and conventional approach. It was therefore recommended that the experiential learning approach should be applied to improve students' attitude towards biology and thus improved academic performance. The findings of the study may be help curriculum planners and learning institutions to incorporate innovative techniques in classroom teaching to improve learners' motivation to learn biology subject in Kenya. The findings also form a ground upon which likely further research could be built for innovative teaching techniques in secondary schools.

Keyword: Experiential learning approach, attitude, conventional teaching approach.

Mkateko Raymond Maluleke, Mammo Muchie & Zeleke Worku

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5563

ABSTRACT: Vhembe district is located at the Northern part of Limpopo province and shares borders with Mopani and Capricorn district municipalities in the eastern and western directions respectively. The sharing of borders extends to Zimbabwe and Botswana in the North-West and Mozambique in the South-East of Kruger National Park respectively. The district covers 27 969 148 square meters of land with a population of 1 393 949 according to Stats SA, 2016 community survey (Vhembe District Municipality, 2020:1). The information reveals that from 2011 to 2016 the population of Vhembe district has increased by 99 227 from 1 294 722 to 1 393 949 (Vhembe District Municipality, 2020:4). The study aims to explore the research problem, the investigation purpose and aim, the research questions, the theoretical framework of the study, hypothesis, a description of the area of study and the significance of the study, as well as to where this study was to be undertaken which is Vhembe District, the district dominated by Venda and Tsonga speaking people followed by the Afrikaners and the minority being the Asians. This district is one of the poorly resourced districts when it comes to educational facilities and infrastructure hence the role of school governing bodies so important in getting the quality results as by designed the district could not produce such quality results. It aims to assess as to how far the school governing bodies could go to get the schools functioning effectively and efficiently for the benefit of the community at large in return as that will create jobs whilst the district does produce the best graduates from its borders who will grow the local economy in different fields that are available within the district.

Keyword: research problem; hypothesis; governance; leadership; research question; demographics; school governing bodies; tourists; students; learners; district; region; businesses; parks; heritage site; university; TVET; lodges; guests house; hotels

Abdullah M. ARMAN, Khalid A. DAGHAMEEN, Eyas. BALBISI, Mohammad. HAJJAJ

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5564

ABSTRACT: This article describes the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based system for determining ammonia concentrations in blood. By adding a blood sample to a test strip, the proposed system induces a series of reactions known as Berthelot's response, resulting in an accurate change in strip color. A current is then generated when the photodiode detects the 635 nm wavelength reflected off the strip. An op-amp is used to convert the current to voltage. Because of their ease of use and software flexibility, microcontrollers are recognized as important components in modern electronics. The concentration of (NH3) is determined by a microcontroller depending on the voltage value. The test results are shown on an LCD or recorded in data files. Any normal or abnormal outcomes are appropriately recorded by the system. A PC software program is written to accept and save data. The proposed system is initially designed using the concepts of Software Analysis and Design; the process of building the proposed systems begins with determining the system's requirements, working on the analysis, using the best design techniques according to the software Engineering process, and finally modeling it on an electronic board before being realized and implemented. It is used in biomedical measurements. It is also handy for monitoring and researching final circuits.

Keyword: Spectroscopic, Blood Ammonia, Beer-Lambert law, Systems Engineering Application

Jerick S. Aguilar

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5565

ABSTRACT: The increasing responsibilities of the school heads as school leaders led to the analysis of management competency of school heads perceived by the public elementary grade teachers of Lucena West District. The study revealed that the school heads’ management competencies are evident in terms of instructional skills, personnel skills, and financial skills as perceived by the schoolteachers. Findings showed that there is no significant difference in the perceived level of management competency between male and female teacher-respondents in personnel skills, except in instructional skills in terms of visibility and career motivation. There is also a significant difference between the perception of male and female respondents about the management competency in financial skills in terms of audit or financial control. There is no significant difference in the perceived level of management competency between male and female school heads, except in instructional skills in terms of instructional time as perceived by the school heads. There is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variable, perceived management competency and the dependent variable, school leadership in all the dimensions based on the perception of the teacherrespondents. Therefore, the school heads in the division may utilize the findings of the study in developing an employee enhancement program based on all the indicators considered. In addition, due to the limited number of school heads needed for accurate analyses of the relationships of the factors under management competency and school leadership, more samples for the school heads as respondents should be considered in future research.

Keyword: Financial Skills, Instructional Skills, Management Competency, Personnel Skills, School Leadership

Michelle A. Rufino

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5566

ABSTRACT: This study determined the teacher’s level of stress and teacher’s performance of Zamboanga Central School Sped Center during Covid-19 pandemic in Zamboanga City. The purpose of the study was to measure the different stressors experienced by the 93 teachers of Zamboanga Central School SPED Center and how does it affect their teaching performance during Covid-19 pandemic. The research design used was a descriptive correlational research design with various statistical tools such as descriptive means, Pearson r and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study revealed that the teacher's level of stress in terms of relationship with colleagues, professional growth, working condition and student’s behavior is "low stress". The teachers experienced stress brought about Covid-19 virus but still they could manage stress despite the different changes happening in their workplace. While the teacher's performance during pandemic is "Very Satisfactory". It means that the respondents had exceeded the minimum indicators for the said rating period but were not able to achieve the highest requirements for outstanding rating. Age, length of service, educational attainment and the ICT Level were negative predictors of the teacher's level of stress. On the other hand, indulging in research writing, pursuing a master and doctoral degree, coping with deadline reports were positive predictors of stress of teacher's. The school officials in the teacher training may intensify and design an intervention training programs specifically LAC sessions for teachers on stress management program.

Keyword: LAC session, predictors, stress management, indicators, teacher’s performance

Edgar M. Anud, Jr.1, Virgincita B. Aungon 2, and Naomi L. Barrot 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5567

ABSTRACT: This study generally investigated the technostress and demographic variables among high school teachers in the southern districts of the Department of Education- Division of Bukidnon and the whole of the Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon, Mindanao, Philippines. A total of 169 teachers were the participants of the study. The Technostress survey questionnaire adapted from Chen (2018) was utilized for the purpose of this investigation. Further, the TPACK-21 survey questionnaire of Valtonen et al. (2017) was also utilized. The statistical tools used in treating the data for analysis were the descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and percentile), correlation and regression. The results of the study revealed an overall mean of teachers’ technostress on techno-overload is 3.07; on technocomplexity 2.61; on techno-insecurity 2.33; and techno-uncertainty 3.51. The average mean of the teachers’ technostress is 2.89 which corresponds to “moderately affected by stress”. A “High level of knowledge” in the overall TPACK-21 efficacy among the high school teachers of the Divisions of Bukidnon and Valencia City has been very evident in the study as shown in the grand mean of 3.97. Likewise, “High level of knowledge” was also obtained among all of the seven (7) knowledge domains: PCK has the highest mean score of 4.20; followed by CK (4.18); TCK (4.15); PK (3.99); TPK (3.92); TPACK (3.69); and TK has the lowest mean score of 3.63. The data exposed high significant relationship with 21st Century Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK-21) r = -0.58 (p<0.038). Its measured variables like Technological Knowledge (TK-21) r = -0.10 (p<0.043); Pedagogical Knowledge (PK – 21) r = 0.82 (p<0.025); and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge r = -0.78 (p<0.047). The study indicated that as the TPACK-21 variables increase, the level of technostress decreases. Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Technological Content Knowledge, and the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge are the three (3) predictor variables that were derived from the data that was made available as an outcome of the inquiry. Given that the overall influence of the three variables on the teachers' technostress was 69% (R2 = 0.069), this study provides a window for the DepEd Divisions of Bukidnon and Valencia City administrators to revisit and examine the implementation and training of teachers to boost their teaching efficacy based on the status on technostress as related to their 21st Century Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge.

Keyword: teachers, TPACK-21, technostress and post pandemic

Desfaur Natalia 1, Asni Johari 2*, Evita Anggereini 3, Intan Lestari 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5567

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to determine students' needs for electronic media Student Worksheets (E-SW) Based on Case Studies in the Animal Physiology Course. This research method uses descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques in this study were interview and questionnaire techniques. Data analysis using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The research subjects were lecturers in the Animal Physiology course, and 5thsemester students taking the Animal Physiology course. Based on survey data in the form of questionnaire results, 53.7% of students do not have reference books related to the Animal Physiology course. Most lecturers use PPT to deliver material. Assignments are given in the form of projects and in the form of case studies. Based on the contents of the questionnaire, 80.5% of students liked learning with case studies. They argue that case study learning makes them challenged to solve cases and improve critical thinking skills. 95.1% of students responded in agreement if the Animal Physiology course had worksheet electronic learning media. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to develop electronic student worksheets (E-SW) based on case studies to help and make it easier for students to understand the concepts of the material and carry out assignments given by the lecturer.

Keyword: Electronic Student Worksheets; Case Study; Animal Physiology Courses.

Kaziya Kadonsi 1, Kenneth Kapalu Muzata 2, Magdalene Simalalo 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5568

ABSTRACT: This research explored the attitudes of mathematics teachers and learners towards the incorporation of indigenous pedagogies in mathematics education in Kalomo district of Southern Province, Zambia. Grounded in critical realism and pragmatism, this study employed a Mixed Methods Sequential Explanatory Design involving 343 respondents. The quantitative sample comprised 326 participants, while the qualitative component involves 17 participants. Data collection methods encompassed questionnaire surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations, and document analysis. However, data for this paper was drafted from questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, with validation through a pilot study and reliability assessment using Cronbach's Alpha. The study revealed a favorable disposition among teachers in Kalomo District towards the incorporation of indigenous teaching methods in mathematics education. This research offers valuable insights into the possibility of indigenizing mathematics pedagogies and practices to enhance educational quality in Zambia. Furthermore, this study underscores the need for curriculum reform, teacher training, collaboration with local communities, and interdisciplinary cooperation to create a well-rounded indigenized mathematics curriculum. The results affirm the global movement towards recognizing diverse knowledge systems in education and the importance of culturally inclusive pedagogies.

Keyword: Indigenizing pedagogies, Mathematics education, Teacher training, Collaboration, Interdisciplinary cooperation, culturally relevant education, Cultural identity,

Retni S Budiarti 1, Asni Johari 2*, Evita Anggereini 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5569

ABSTRACT: This research has a general aim to foster the development of students' character through integrated STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Project-based Learning (PjBL), and it has three specific objectives, namely to explain integrated STEM PjBL, integrated STEM PjBL teaching strategies, and the impact of integrated STEM PjBL on student character development. The research method used is literature review. This method involves the search and collection of information from various sources such as books, journals, articles, dissertations, theses, and other scholarly works related to the topic or issue under investigation. The results of this research indicate that integrated STEM PjBL can provide significant benefits to students in terms of motivation to learn, problemsolving skills, collaborative skills, and understanding of concepts. In the integrated STEM PjBL strategy, the teacher plays the role of a facilitator and mentor, providing guidance and constructive feedback to students at each stage of the project. Furthermore, integrated STEM Project-based Learning can have a positive impact on character development in students, especially in critical thinking skills, creativity, and collaboration.

Keyword: Integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM); Project-based Learning (PjBL) Approaches; Character Development.

Celestine Elikem Dzitse 1, Dr. Gladwell Mbugua 2, and Prof. Samson Rosana Ondigi 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2022.5570

ABSTRACT: College and university lecturers, as well as other educators are esteemed as transformational agents to the learners who pass through them. Similarly, Higher National Diploma (HND) fashion design and technology programme is designed to equip fashion design students to be versatile, high calibre personnel in the field of fashion design in both local and foreign costumes. The construction of more foreign costumes over GTCs in the HND fashion design and technology programmes, neglecting the main objective is now the major problem facing the authorities of TUs in Ghana. This study aimed at establishing the competency of lecturers of fashion design programmes and their influence learners' ability to construct Ghanaian Traditional Costumes (GTC). The study adopted convergent mixed method design. The study was conducted in six out of the ten technical universities (TU) in Ghana: Accra, Kumasi, Sunyani, Cope Coast, Tamale and Ho. Target population was 1265 comprising head of departments (HoDs), lecturers and students. Simple random sampling was used to select six universities from the ten TUs. Purposive sampling was used in sampling 24 lecturers of fashion design including HoDs, and Proportion sampling was used to sample 306 fashion design and technology students. Total sample size was 330. Data collection tools were questionnaires for lecturers and students, Interview guide for HODs and observation checklist on availability of GTCs in the TUs. Both quantitative and qualitative data was gathered in the study. Quantitative data was entered, cleaned and analysed using SPSS 22.0 software. Skills of lecturers of fashion design and technology on construction of GTCs using standard multiple regression. Themes were used to summarise Qualitative data using interpretative and coding techniques. The results showed that more than 75% of the lecturers had masters and PhD and were all trained in fashion related courses, acquired skills from practicing FDT also qualify to lecture programme.

Keyword: Fashion, Design, Traditional, Costumes, Lecturers, competency, Ghana